Budgeting: How To Prepare a Workable Plan

A budget is an essential component of your financial plan. Not only does it force you to monitor your spending, it enables you to focus on which items (such as loans and credit card debt) you can pay off or pay down so that you can accumulate funds for retirement, education, or buying a home.

Here is a guide to effectively organizing and keeping a check on your expenses.

While this Financial Guide offers you guidance on how to develop a budget that works for you and your family, don't hesitate to contact your financial advisor if you need additional assistance.

Note: The budget guidelines suggested here are intended for people who need to rein in their spending or have no idea what they spend their money on every month. If you have a good grasp of your cash inflows and outflows and have your spending under control, there may be no need to prepare a budget plan.

Related Financial Guide: Please see the Financial Guide: YOUR FINANCIAL PLAN: Getting Started On A Secure Future.

Note: Personal-finance computer software programs such as Quicken make it easy to set up a budget. If you have such a program, simple follow the guidelines that the software gives you, and use the information contained here as a guideline.

Step 1: Analyze Your Income And Expenses

The first thing you need to do is to review your income and spending for the past year. This "cash-flow analysis" will lay the groundwork for the budget you create. You'll need your checkbook, your credit card statements (paper copies or online records), and your most recent tax return. This should give you sufficient data to analyze your spending and income for the past year.

Your Income

Using an excel spreadsheet, ledger paper, or even notebook paper (as long as it has lines), list your income for a one-year period, breaking it down by month and year. Include the following types of income:

Salary/wages
Income from self-employment
Retirement pay and/or government-source income (e.g., Social Security, disability, unemployment, annuity, and pension payments)
Interest and dividends
Alimony and/or child support
Rents and/or royalties
Income from trusts

Your income analysis might look something like this:

Income Item	Monthly	Yearly
Salary (Gross)	$10,000	$120,000
Dividends	$100	$1,200
Rent	$1,500	$18,000
Total	$11,600	$139,200

Your Fixed Expenses

Add up your fixed expenses. These are expenses that generally do not vary from month to month. Again, break them down into month and year. Make sure you include the following categories, whether or not they're immediately evident from the past year's bills:

Taxes (federal, state and local)
Mortgage or rent
Insurance, including medical, auto, homeowners, life, and other
Utilities
Automobiles (costs of operating minus insurance cost)
Dues and fees paid to associations and clubs

Where the amounts vary by month, as with a phone bill, add up what you paid for the year and divide by twelve to get the monthly amount. For bills that you pay yearly or quarterly, add the total amount paid for the year and divide by 12 to arrive at a monthly amount. This will help you to arrive at a more functional budget. If you have large credit card debt, indicate the amounts you actually paid, not the minimum monthly payments.

Your Variable Expenses

Next, add up your variable expenses for the previous one-year period using your checkbook and credit card statements. Be sure to include the following:

Food
Clothing
Furniture and appliances
Entertainment
Gas, oil, and commuting costs
Medical care
Gifts
Vacations
Fees paid to accountants, lawyers, and other professionals

Estimate if you need to do so. Here's what your variable expenses might look like:

Expense	Monthly	Yearly
Groceries	$950	$11,400
Gifts For Weddings, Birthdays, etc.	$50	$600
Magazine Subscriptions	$10	$120
Movies, Theatre, Restaurants	$175	$2,100
Vacations	$250	$3,000
Gas, Oil, Car Repair	$400	$4,800
Clothing	$150	$1,800
Total	$1,985	$23,820

You'll be able to tell whether you're overlooking any variable expenses by subtracting the total yearly amount you arrive at for variable and fixed expenses from your yearly income figure. If this amount is the amount you put away in savings for the previous year, then you can be pretty certain that you've included all of your variable expenses. If there is a large gap between income minus expenses and the amount you saved, do some digging to try to find out where the extra money went.

Step 2: Set Budgeting Goals

Your budget should tie in with your financial planning goals. For instance, you may have taken a closer look at your retirement plan and decided that you needed to save $20,000 per year for the next ten years to accumulate the nest egg you want for retirement.

Related Guide: Please see the Financial Guide: YOUR RETIREMENT PLAN: How To Get Started.

Or, you may be saving for a new home and figured out that you need to save $5,000 per year for the next three years to come up with a down payment.

You may also want to reduce credit card debt or pay down a mortgage with your increased savings.

Related Guide: Please see the Financial Guide: SAVING MONEY: 10 Major Ways To Increase Your Nest Egg.

When setting your budgeting goals, decide how much you want to put away each year and what you will do with the savings. Your saving goals will depend on the financial planning goals mentioned above as well as on your age and income level.

If you want to save more than you have been saving, then you'll need to cut down on optional expenditures. To do this, you'll enter an amount under "budgeted amount" that is less than "last year's actual."

Tip: Review your budget each year to make sure it fits in with your financial goals, both long-term and short-term.

Step 3: Create Your Budget

Now it's time to actually create a budget. the easiest way to do this is to use an excel spreadsheet. If you're not computer proficient, then use ledger paper or 8-1/2 by 11" paper used in "landscape" format (used horizontally instead of vertically).

Note: As we stated before, if you have a computer software program that formulates a budget for you, use that, as it will be more convenient than writing up a budget by hand. But read through our guidelines anyway to get a grasp of the concepts involved.

Each sheet of paper should be headed by the name of the month. Once you've come up with January's version, you can photocopy that 11 times, since each month's version will be the same. You will end up with one sheet of paper for each month of the year.

Each month's budget sheet might have five columns:

Column 1, labeled "Expense," will contain each of the items you listed under fixed and variable expenses.
Column 2, labeled "Last Year's Actual," will contain the monthly amounts you came up with for each fixed and variable expense.
Column 3, labeled "This Year's Budgeted," is where you will write in what you will allow yourself to spend on that item for the month. (It can, and probably will, differ from last year's actual expense).
Column 4, labeled "This Year's Actual," is where you w.^P.X q qt you spend on that item for the month.
Column 5, labeled "Increase/Decrease," is where you will write in how much more--or less--you spent during that month than you had budgeted.

Here is a partial view (showing just two expenses) of what your monthly budget might look like:

Expense	Last Year's Actual	This Year's Budgeted	This Year's Actual	Over/(Under) Budget
Electric	$780	$825	$800	($25)
Groceries	$950	$1,000	$1,100	$100
Total	$1,730	$1,825	$1,900	$75

Arrange the items in whatever way is convenient for you, but make your budget easy to use because this will help ensure that you use it. If you prefer to categorize your expenses in an orderly way (fixed vs. variable or optional vs. mandatory), then do so. If you prefer to categorize them in the order in which they come up during the month, or by the manner in which they are paid (cash, check, or credit card), then do it that way.

It takes discipline to record each amount in your budget as you pay it, but the discipline will pay off at the end of the year when you will have a clear picture of your spending.

Tip: Keep receipts for cash payments until you are able to record expenditures in your budget.

Tip: Don't try to track every penny; instead, maintain a category called "petty cash" or "miscellaneous expenses" to cover spending cash that does not go for categorized items. This will cover cash that you withdraw from your checking account, but do not keep track of. Allow yourself a reasonable budgeted amount for this category.

At the end of each month, and then at the end of the year, look at your monthly totals to see whether you've under- or overspent your budgeted amounts. Performing a monthly and yearly review will help you to set or revise goals for next year.

Step 4: Review Your Adherence To The Budget

At the end of each month and again at the end of the year, look at your monthly totals to see whether you've under or overspent your budgeted amounts. Performing a monthly and yearly review will help you to set or revise goals for next year.

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